Measuring Population

Birth and Death:

• Crude Birth Rate:  number of births per 100 of the population
• Crude Death Rate: number of deaths per 1000 of the population 
• Rate of Natural Increase (RNI): gives us the annual natural growth in percent from for a country or region
• found by subtracting death rate from birth rate
• if positive difference population is rising 
• if negative difference population is falling

Migration:

• Net Migration Rate: difference between number of persons entering and leaving a country during a year 
• Net Immigration: excess of persons entering a country

• written as a positive number 
• Example: 
• Canada has (2014) 5.65 immigrants per 1,000 population
• United States has 2.45 (it was 3.62 in 2015)
• Net Emigration: excess of persons leaving the country 
• written as a negative number 
• Example
• Mexico has (2015) -1.68 migrants per 1,000 population 
• (2013) -3.61
• (2014) -3.11 
• Why do people migrate?
• push forces 
• civil war 
• environmental degradation 
• unemployment or underemployment 
• religious or ethnic persecution
• pull forces 
• better economic opportunity 
• better health services 
• religious freedom 
• political freedom 

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

• TFR: average number of children born per woman 
• For population to stay same TFR must be 2.1 
• higher than 2.1 population rises 
• lower than 2.1 population falls 
• World TFR- 2.42 (2.54 two years ago, 2.47 last year)
• United States TFR- 2.01 (2.06 last year)
• Nigeria TFR- 6.89 (developing nation)
• Japan TFR-  1.40 (developed nation, aging population)
• Why is it 2.1?- certain number of babies that don't live to be child bearing age 
• WOMEN ARE HAVING LESS KIDS TODAY BECAUSE OF WORK/COLLEGE AND BIRTH CONTROL IS AVAILABLE